Luxurious cashmere available on any budget
In the old days, cashmere was like good pearls or a sturdy overcoat. It was an expensive investment and still in the wardrobe 20 years later.
Today it's a steamy fashion item available in a surprisingly wide range of trendy styles, prices, sumptuous colors and retail stores.
Target boasts Isaac Mizrahi's cashmere gloves and mufflers at less than $20 each, testimony to the new popularized affordable rendition.
Although it is no longer priced in the stratosphere, cashmere still carries the cachet of something special.
It has a soft, comforting feel and a reputation for long-term wear. And at a time when luxury of any kind is an obsession in the global culture, the demand remains high.
Lands' End, the catalog and online retailer, offers at least 160 cashmere items, said Sid Mashburn, senior vice president for design.
The selection includes women's sweaters priced under $100, a $900 women's overcoat and an $800 blanket.
It's what trend watchers call "masstige," he said, or the democratization of a prestige product.
"It is considered a luxury, and people are responding to luxury right now," said Victoria Fisher Keller, a buyer at Nordstrom, where cashmere sweaters start around $100.
The mass distribution and accessibility of cashmere has influenced upscale sources to spiff up their garments to set them apart, said Lori Holliday Banks, a fashion editor with New York-based Tobe Reports, fashion retail analysts.
"People have had to push the envelope," she said.
They are offering fine, sheer-gauge fittings for evening or summers, sweater jackets, special button details, ponchos and trendy shrunken silhouettes to take a leap ahead of stores such as Costco and Target, where the luxury fibers are in the affordable range.
Cashmere "was once viewed as a classic category. Now it's more about fashion," Banks said.
It's all about the goat
Cashmere fibers, of course, are pruned from the underhair of a cashmere goat's belly. According to the Cashmere and Camel Hair Manufacturers Institute Web site, the fibers come mostly from Mongolia, Tibet and China, where goat herds struggle for survival on frigid mountainsides.
New Zealand and Australia also have cashmere goats. The name cashmere is taken from the Kashmir region of India, although little cashmere comes from there now.
The fibers are collected with a long comb or by shearing in the spring during the molting season, and the goats are unharmed. The cashmere goat is a type, not a breed, which carries the down gene, according to the Institute. Strong, long fibers called guard hairs protect the soft hairs underneath. Once harvested, the outer and underhairs are separated, usually by machine.
Generally, the longer the soft precious underhairs are, the better the quality. When short hairs are spun into a garment they may be pulled too tightly and have a tendency to pill. Because cashmere is high-priced luxury fiber, the cashmere industry has been plagued with misconceptions and misrepresentations. In 1999, the fashion world heated into a frenzy over a so-called pashmina shawl. The implication was that the fibers, reported to be from Himalayan goats, were special and finer than other cashmere.
In truth, pashmina is not a fiber. It is an Indian word for cashmere and part of a huge promotional hype. Kenneth Langley, who tests cashmere for the Institute, often at retailers' request, said the pashmina story was a myth. Even when people were paying up to $500 for a shawl, the material was a blend of silk and cashmere.
Today, some manufacturers still use the word pashmina to describe 100 percent cashmere. And some use the term in reference to a blend. Legally, the word cannot be used without an authentic fiber content description.
The mislabeling of cashmere is an ongoing issue for the industry.
Certainly the blends with silk or wool can be lovely and appealing and may offer a way to have good-quality cashmere at affordable prices. But a sweater marked 100 percent cashmere cannot legally be diluted with wool. And if a garment says 20 percent cashmere, then it should contain that exact amount of the fiber, according to rules overseen by the Federal Trade Commission.
The content and quality cannot be determined by feel. Langley, a professor at the University of Massachusetts, said it is not unusual to find textiles labeled 100 percent cashmere adulterated with wool. Processors have become skilled in treating wool fibers so they have the same soft feel of cashmere, he said.
The testing process involves cutting into the material and taking thousands of fibers. Langley said he has to examine at least 500 fiber hairs to authenticate the content.
In recent years, the Institute has sued some major retailers over mislabeling. CBS Television News in New York recently ran a report on the issue. Out of 10 garments a reporter purchased, eight did not test as labeled. The two that were 100 percent cashmere as marked were from Banana Republic and Target. The alleged cashmere scarves bought at kiosks on the street were acrylic.
The issue is echoed by a recent Consumer Reports article that said one of six of the sweaters it tested contained about 10 percent wool treated to have a soft feel. Recycled fibers also may be of lesser quality and also must be indicated on the label.
Patty Lounis, sourcing manager for Texas-based J.C. Penney Co., said Penney uses one primary production source, which oversees the fibers from the time they are purchased through the knitting phase to delivery. That way, she said, the company limits opportunities a supplier might have to scrimp on the cashmere along the way. "By diluting the product even just a little, he can save a lot of money," she said. Also as part of quality control, Penney tests the cashmere twice; before and after shipping.
Most cashmere knits are (and should be) at least two-ply yarn. The number refers to the density of the fibers. If bulky, a sweater may have more. Less expensive sweaters may be two-ply but have thin yarn and looser knit. Consumer Reports suggests checking the ply by untwisting the yarn in the repair kit. A single ply garment gives you less cashmere for your money.
Another frequent complaint in regard to sweaters is pilling, or balling of the yarns. Experts say pilling is often exacerbated by everyday wear that results from friction between a jacket over a sweater, for instance, or a handbag on a shoulder. "Just cut off those strings," said Nordstrom's Keller.
It's supposed to feel good
Ultimately, how do you get the best item for the money you have?
Even the experts can't judge the authenticity by the feel of a garment. Mostly, you have to buy on faith, they say. But you can be judicious.
Mashburn suggested you check the stitches per inch and density.
Keep in mind if the cashmere sweater is lightweight and sheer, it can still be made of high-quality fibers.
Look at the color selection, Keller said. You'll get an idea of how serious the producers and retailers are about cashmere.
In the end, the safest step is to shop with a reputable retailer you trust.
"Try it on," Keller said. "How does it feel to you? It's really about making you feel good."
CASHMERE: DON'T GET FLEECED
Shop with a reputable retailer. Sometimes your best option is to buy on faith.
Pashmina is not a fiber. It is an Indian word for cashmere, but it is used most often to indicate a silk and cashmere blend.
A sweater labeled 100 percent cashmere must be just that, according to laws overseen by the Federal Trade Commission. A blend indicating 20 percent cashmere must have that degree of the fiber. But there is no way to know for sure without it being tested in a laboratory.
Cashmere prices can be under $100 for a sweater. It depends on the retailers and how they buy the garments.
Examine the density of a sweater. It should be no less than two-ply.
MORE TIPS ON CHOOSING CASHMERE
If the price seems too good to be true, it probably is. Consumer Reports advises against going too low.
If you question the quality, Consumer Reports suggests you examine the yarn repair kit that comes with a garment. Untwist the yarn to be sure it is two ply. If it is single ply, you're not getting as much cashmere for your money. Move on.
Feel the garment. Try it on if possible. See how it feels to you.
Cashmere knits can be dry cleaned or washed in a mild detergent or baby shampoo and dried flat. Woven garments should be dry cleaned.